AC Service Near Me: Discover Trusted Cooling And Heating System Repair Work Near Your Location

Types of Heating And Cooling Repair Providers You Can Rely On

Ever wondered why your ac system suddenly stops blowing cold air on the most popular day of the year? Or why the heating system appears to sputter more than warm your home when winter bites? These are familiar headaches for anyone browsing for A/c Repair work Near Me. The difficulties don't stop there: odd sounds, changing temperatures, or ineffective air flow can turn convenience into mayhem.

Fortunately, Bold City Heating and Air takes on these issues head-on, providing a spectrum of specialized repair work services that change pain into cozy relief. Bold City Heating and Air. Here's a glance at the core services they master:

1. A/c Repair Work: From refrigerant leaks to compressor failures, every part is scrutinized and fixed to bring back cool air flow.
2. Heating System Repair Work: Whether it's a faulty thermostat or a damaged heating system igniter, no cold night goes unaddressed.
3. Ductwork Repair: Leaky ducts can lose energy and lower indoor air quality. Repairing these concealed perpetrators is a game changer.
4. Thermostat Calibration: Precision in temperature control guarantees your system runs effectively, conserving energy and money.
5. Emergency Heating And Cooling Solutions: When your system fails all of a sudden, prompt repair work lessen downtime and pain.

Envision strolling into your home after a blistering day, welcomed by a fresh, perfectly conditioned breeze. Or snuggling on a frosty night, positive your heating won't betray you. These aren't just dreams-- Bold City Heating and Air makes them truth with every repair work.

Why opt for less when the best HVAC repair work near me can deal with whatever from minor problems to major malfunctions? Bold City Heating and Air does not just fix systems-- they bring back assurance and comfort to your home.

Typical Heating And Cooling Issues and Solutions

When your air conditioner sputters and stalls on the hottest day, it seems like the universe is playing a terrible joke. Among the most regular perpetrators? A stopped up air filter. Dust, animal hair, and debris choke the air flow, forcing your system to work overtime and ultimately fail. Ever wonder why your energy expenses unexpectedly surge? That's your a/c system gasping under pressure.

Bold City Heating and Air understands the subtle signs that often go undetected till it's nearly too late. A whisper of strange sounds or a faint burning smell can signify internal problems that, if dealt with quickly, prevent expensive replacements.

Top HVAC Issues Decoded

• Refrigerant leaks-- Unnoticeable yet impactful, these leaks weaken cooling efficiency and can damage the environment.
• Thermostat breakdowns-- Sometimes the culprit isn't the system however the brain behind it, misreading temperature levels and sending combined signals.
• Frozen coils-- Typically an outcome of poor air flow or low refrigerant, these icy offenders stop cooling entirely.

Expert Tips to Keep Your System in Peak Shape

1. Change filters every 1-3 months; it's the easiest act with the most significant benefit.
2. Examine condensate drains pipes for obstructions to prevent water damage and mold accumulation.
3. Seal duct leaks to improve effectiveness-- sometimes a few inches of tape save you hundreds.

Have you ever discovered your unit biking on and off like a nervous heartbeat? That brief biking is a warning that Bold City Heating and Air quickly acknowledges. Bold City Heating and Air. They dive deep, diagnosing with precision, guaranteeing your a/c does not simply limp along but thrives. Their technique transforms stress and anxiety into relief, turning technical headaches into cool comfort

Picking a Reputable Heating And Cooling Repair Work Professional

When your air conditioning unit sputters out in the peak of summertime, or your heater refuses to warm a cold night, you don't just desire any professional-- you want somebody who comprehends the heart beat of your home's HVAC system. Not every technician has the flair for identifying the sneaky culprits behind ineffective cooling or heating. Think of calling somebody who covers the problem momentarily, just to have the system falter once again days later on. Frustrating, right?

Bold City Heating and Air understands that dependability isn't practically revealing up; it has to do with appearing ready. Their specialists show up equipped with diagnostic tools that dive deeper than surface area signs, capturing the real essence of the breakdown. They don't simply change parts; they unwind the story your system is informing. Have you ever questioned why your energy costs surge inexplicably? In some cases, it's a subtle refrigerant leakage or a clogged up filter that's simple to overlook however expensive if ignored.

Specialist Tips for Spotting a Competent A/c Specialist

• Certification and Licensing: Validate credentials-- trained pros back their work with acknowledged qualifications.
• Transparent Quotes: Look for clear explanations, not vague quotes that evade the information.
• Diagnostic Approach: Professionals utilize methodical checks-- no guesswork, simply exact problem-solving.
• Communication Abilities: Can they discuss repair work without lingo? That's a sign they appreciate your understanding.
• Components Quality Awareness: They should focus on durable components, not fast repairs that fade fast.

Bold City Heating and Air grows on a philosophy that HVAC repair work is less about quick repairs and more about long-lived options crafted with care. They embrace the complexity of each system, turning what might look like a challenging repair into a smooth, transparent procedure. Like a skilled investigator, they unravel the quirks of your system, making sure that your convenience isn't just brought back, however enhanced.

Deciphering the Costs Behind Heating And Cooling Repair Work Providers

Ever noticed how an easy heating and cooling repair can often spiral into a wallet-busting experience? The fact lies in the labyrinth of concealed aspects that affect repair work costs. From the level of the damage to the age of your system, these aspects weave a complicated narrative.

Think of a chilly night where your ac system sputters and stops working. You require a/c repair near me, and unexpectedly, you're faced with a quote that feels like a cryptic puzzle (Bold City Heating and Air). What precisely drives these numbers?

Key Aspects Affecting Repair Work Costs

• Intensity of the Issue: Minor glitches like thermostat breakdowns cost less compared to compressor or coil replacements.
• Devices Age: Older systems frequently need more substantial repairs or part replacements, which treks the cost.
• Labor Intricacy: Difficult-to-access units require more time and know-how, naturally increasing labor costs.
• Replacement Parts: Real parts versus generic ones, availability, and shipping can swing expenditures commonly.
• Emergency situation Service: Repair work done outside regular hours generally include premium fees.

Bold City Heating and Air knows these complexities like the back of their hand. They have actually seen direct how a broken blower wheel or a clogged up condensate drain can become an expensive ordeal if disregarded. Their technicians do not just restore-- they detect with accuracy, ensuring you spend for what's required, not a penny more.

Here's a professional pointer: regular evaluation of your heating and cooling system's filters and condensate lines can avoid small problems from snowballing. Did you understand a blocked filter can force your unit to work overtime, causing wear that demands costly repair work?

Does your heating and cooling repair estimate feel like a shot in the dark? Bold City Heating and Air's transparency and knowledge light up the process, directing you through what each cost suggests. Comprehending these elements can turn a demanding repair work into a manageable financial investment in your home's convenience.

Trustworthy Cooling Service in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a dynamic city known for its extensive park system, beautiful beaches, and bustling riverfront. As the most populated city in Florida, it provides a varied economy with strong sectors in finance, logistics, and health care. The city's warm climate makes effective and trustworthy HVAC systems essential for citizens and organizations alike to remain comfy year-round.

For those seeking professional recommendations and expert heating and cooling repair near me, Bold City Heating and Air can provide a complimentary consultation to help resolve any cooling or heating issues efficiently. They are prepared to assist with all your a/c requires.

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• Air Conditioning Installation: Proper installation of cooling systems ensures efficient and comfortable indoor climates. This critical process guarantees peak performance and lifespan of climate control units.
• Air Conditioner: Air Conditioners cool indoor spaces by removing heat and moisture. Proper installation by certified technicians ensures efficient operation and ideal climate control.
• Hvac: Hvac systems control heat and air's condition. They are vital for setting up environmental control answers in buildings.
• Thermostat: A Thermostat is the primary component for managing temperature in climate control systems. It signals the cooling unit to turn on and off, maintaining the preferred indoor environment.
• Refrigerant: Refrigerant is essential for temperature control systems, absorbing heat to generate cool air. Correct management of refrigerants is vital during HVAC installation for effective and secure operation.
• Compressor: The Compressor is the component of your cooling system, pumping refrigerant. This process is essential for efficient temperature control in climate control setups.
• Evaporator Coil: The Evaporator Coil takes in heat from indoor air, bringing it down. This part is essential for effective climate control system setup in buildings.
• Condenser Coil: The Condenser Coil serves as an integral component in refrigeration systems, dissipating heat outside. It facilitates the heat exchange needed for efficient indoor climate management.
• Ductwork: Ductwork is necessary for distributing treated air throughout a building. Suitable duct design and installation are critical for efficient climate regulation system placement.
• Ventilation: Efficient Ventilation is crucial for suitable air flow and indoor air quality. It plays a vital role in ensuring optimal performance and efficiency of climate control systems.
• Heat Pump: Heat pumps move heat, providing both heating and cooling. They are vital parts in contemporary climate control system installations, offering energy-efficient temperature regulation.
• Split System: Split System provide both cooling and heating via an indoor unit linked to an outdoor compressor. They provide a ductless answer for temperature control in certain rooms or areas.
• Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems cool entire homes from a sole, powerful unit. Proper setup of these systems is essential for efficient and effective home cooling.
• Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling efficiency: a greater Energy Efficiency Ratio indicates improved operation and lower energy consumption for climate control systems. Choosing a unit with a high Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly reduce long-term costs when setting up a new climate control system.
• Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressor adjust cooling production to meet need, improving efficiency and convenience in HVAC systems. This precise modulation reduces energy loss and preserves consistent temperatures in building environments.
• Compressor Maintenance: Maintaining compressors ensures effective operation and longevity in refrigeration systems. Neglecting it can lead to expensive repairs or system failures when establishing climate control.
• Air Filter: Air Filter capture dust and particles, ensuring pure air flow inside HVAC systems. This improves system performance and indoor air quality throughout temperature regulation process.
• Installation Manual: An Installation Manual provides important guidance for appropriately setting up a cooling system. It assures correct procedures are used for peak performance and safety during the unit's setup.
• Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is vital for supplying power to and regulating the parts of climate control systems. Proper wiring ensures secure and efficient operation of the cooling and heating units.
• Indoor Unit: Indoor Unit distributes treated air within a room. It's a vital component for climate control systems, guaranteeing proper temperature management in structures.
• Outdoor Unit: The Outdoor Unit contains the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat outside. It's essential for a full climate control system installation, guaranteeing efficient cooling inside.
• Maintenance: Regular upkeep ensures effective performance and lengthens the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance prevents breakdowns and optimizes the performance of installed cooling systems.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is crucial for reducing energy use and expenses when setting up new climate control systems. Prioritizing efficient equipment and correct setup minimizes environmental effect and maximizes long-term savings.
• Thermodynamics: Thermo explains how heat moves and converts energy, vital for cooling system setup. Effective climate control design relies on thermodynamic principles to optimize energy use during system placement.
• Building Codes: Construction regulations assure suitable and safe HVAC system installation in structures. They govern aspects such as energy performance and air flow for climate control systems.
• Load Calculation: Load calculations figures out the warming and chilling needs of a room. It's vital for picking appropriately dimensioned HVAC equipment for efficient climate control.
• Mini Split: Mini Split offer a no-duct approach to temperature management, providing targeted heating and cooling. The ease of placement renders them suitable for spaces where adding ductwork for climate modification is unfeasible.
• Air Handler: An Air Handler moves conditioned air around a building. It is a crucial component for proper climate control system setup.
• Insulation: Thermal protection is vital for keeping effective temperature control within a structure. It reduces heat transfer, reducing the burden on air conditioning and improving temperature setups.
• Drainage System: Drainage Systems eliminate condensate created by air conditioning equipment. Adequate drainage stops water damage and assures efficient operation of air conditioning setups.
• Filter: Filters are critical parts that eliminate contaminants from the air throughout the setup of climate control systems. This guarantees cleaner air flow and protects the system's internal components.
• Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems control inside environment by controlling temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper installation of these systems ensures efficient and effective cooling and environmental control within buildings.
• Split System Air Conditioner: Split system air conditioners offer efficient refrigeration and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their structure simplifies the process of establishing climate control in residences and businesses.
• Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are trained professionals who focus in the setup of temperature regulation systems. They ensure appropriate operation and efficiency of these systems for maximum indoor comfort.
• Indoor Air Quality: Indoor Air Quality greatly impacts well-being and health, so HVAC system installation should emphasize filtration and ventilation. Proper system design and setup is essential for improving air quality.
• Condensate Drain: This Condensate Drain removes water generated throughout the cooling operation, preventing damage and keeping system effectiveness. Proper drain assembly is vital for successful climate control installation and long-term performance.
• Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems accurately regulate refrigerant amount to different zones, providing tailored cooling and heating. This technology is essential for creating effective and flexible climate control in building setups.
• Building Automation System: Building automation systems coordinate and streamline the functioning of HVAC equipment. This leads to enhanced climate control and energy efficiency in buildings.
• Air Conditioning: HVAC systems adjust indoor temperature and air quality. Proper installation of these systems is key for optimized and effective climate control.
• Temperature Control: Accurate temperature control is crucial for efficient climate control system setup. It guarantees optimal performance and comfort in new cooling systems.
• Thermistor: Temperature-sensitive resistors are thermistors used in climate control systems to measure accurately air temperature. This data assists to control system operation, ensuring peak performance and energy efficiency in environmental control setups.
• Thermocouple: Temperature sensors are temperature sensors essential for assuring proper HVAC system setup. They correctly assess temperature, allowing precise modifications and excellent climate control function.
• Digital Thermostat: These devices accurately control temperature, improving HVAC system operation. They are crucial for establishing home climate control systems, ensuring efficient and pleasant environments.
• Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats improve HVAC systems by enabling customized temperature routines. This results in enhanced energy savings and comfort in residential AC setups.
• Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostats optimize house temperature management by learning user desires and changing the temperature on their own. They play a key role in today's HVAC system setups, enhancing energy savings and convenience.
• Bimetallic Strip: A bimetallic strip, made up of two metals that have different expansion rates, curves in reaction to temperature variations. This characteristic is used in HVAC systems to operate thermostats and regulate heating or cooling operations.
• Capillary Tube Thermostat: The Capillary Tube Thermostat accurately controls temperature in cooling systems through remote sensing. This component is essential for keeping desired climate control inside buildings.
• Thermostatic Expansion Valve: The Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator, keeping ideal cooling. This component is critical for effective operation of refrigeration and air conditioning systems in buildings.
• Setpoint: Setpoint is the desired temperature a climate control system strives to reach. It directs the system's operation during climate management configurations to preserve desired comfort levels.
• Temperature Sensor: Temperature Sensors are vital for regulating heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems by observing air temperature and guaranteeing effective climate control. Their data assists improve system performance during climate control installation and maintenance.
• Feedback Loop: A Feedback Loop assists with controlling temperature throughout climate control system installation by constantly monitoring and modifying settings. This guarantees peak performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
• Control System: Control Systems control temperature, humidity, and airflow in environmental control setups. They assure peak well-being and energy efficiency in temperature-controlled environments.
• Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is reached when parts attain the same temperature, essential for efficient climate control system setup. Proper equilibrium ensures peak performance and energy savings in placed cooling systems.
• Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how efficiently materials transfer heat, affecting the cooling system configuration. Choosing materials with fitting thermal properties ensures best performance of installed climate control systems.
• Thermal Insulation: Thermal insulation minimizes heat flow, ensuring efficient cooling by reducing the workload on climate control systems. This enhances energy efficiency and maintains consistent temperatures in buildings.
• On Off Control: On-Off Control maintains desired temperatures by completely turning on or deactivating cooling systems. This simple method is important for regulating temperature within buildings throughout environmental control system configuration .
• Pid Controller: PID Controllers accurately regulate temps in HVAC systems. This ensures efficient climate control during facility temperature setup and operation.
• Evaporator: This Evaporator absorbs heat from within a space, cooling the air. It's a vital part in climate control systems designed for indoor comfort.
• Condenser: This Condenser unit is a critical component in cooling equipment, rejecting heat removed from the indoor space to the outside environment. Its proper installation is crucial for efficient climate control system placement and performance.
• Chlorofluorocarbon: Chlorofluorocarbons have been once widely used refrigerants that facilitated cooling in many building systems. Their role has diminished because of environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
• Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbon are refrigerants commonly used in refrigeration systems for structures and vehicles. Their correct management is crucial during the establishment of environmental control systems to avoid environmental harm and assure effective operation.
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: HCFCs were once widely used refrigerants in HVAC systems for buildings. Their phase-out has caused the implementation of more environmentally friendly alternatives for new HVAC installations.
• Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicates how much a certain mass of greenhouse gas contributes to global warming over a specified period compared to carbon dioxide. Selecting refrigerants with less GWP is crucial when building climate control systems to lessen environmental effects.
• Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental dangers. Technicians servicing cooling units must follow regulations to prevent further damage.
• Phase Change: Phase Change of refrigerants are key for effectively moving heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles enable cooling by absorbing heat indoors and releasing it outdoors.
• Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are vital for successful climate control system installation. Understanding conduction, convection, and radiation guarantees prime system functioning and energy savings during the process of installing home cooling.
• Refrigeration Cycle: The cooling process moves heat, allowing cooling in climate-control systems. Correct installation and upkeep make sure of efficient operation and longevity of these refrigeration solutions.
• Environmental Protection Agency: EPA regulates refrigerants and sets standards for HVAC system maintenance to protect the ozone layer and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians handling cooling equipment must be certified to guarantee proper refrigerant management and prevent environmental damage.
• Leak Detection: Leak Detection guarantees the soundness of refrigerant lines after climate control system placement. Identifying and addressing leaks is essential for optimal performance and environmental safety of newly installed climate control systems.
• Pressure Gauge: Pressure Gauge are critical tools for observing refrigerant levels during HVAC system setup. They guarantee peak performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within specified ranges for proper cooling operation.
• Expansion Valve: This Expansion Valve governs refrigerant flow in refrigeration systems, permitting efficient heat absorption. It is a critical component for peak performance in climate control setups.
• Cooling Capacity: Cooling capacity determines how effectively a system can reduce the temperature of a space. Choosing the correct level is important for peak performance in placement of environmental control systems.
• Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the procedure of taking out and keeping refrigerants during HVAC system setups. Correctly recovering refrigerants stops environmental harm and guarantees efficient new cooling equipment placements.
• Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling recovers and reuses refrigerants, lessening environmental effects. This process is crucial when installing climate control systems, ensuring proper disposal and avoiding ozone depletion.
• Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) supply critical information on the safe handling and possible hazards of chemicals used in cooling system setup. Technicians depend on SDS data to protect themselves and prevent accidents during HVAC equipment placement and connection.
• Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are vital fluids used in refrigeration systems to move heat. Their proper handling is essential for effective climate control setup and maintenance.
• Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is essential for chilling buildings, allowing effective temperature regulation. It's a key process in climate control system installation, facilitating the movement of heat to supply comfortable indoor environments.
• Cooling Cycle: The Cooling Cycle is the key process of heat removal, using refrigerant to absorb and give off heat. This process is critical for effective climate control system setup in buildings.
• Scroll Compressor: Scroll compressors efficiently compress refrigerant for cooling systems. They are a vital component for efficient temperature regulation in buildings.
• Reciprocating Compressor: Piston Compressors are crucial parts that compress refrigerant in cooling systems. They facilitate heat exchange, allowing efficient climate regulation within buildings .
• Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are critical parts that increase refrigerant stress in wide climate control systems. They efficiently circulate refrigerant, allowing efficient refrigeration and heating throughout wide areas.
• Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressor are a key component in refrigeration systems, utilizing a rotating device to compress refrigerant. Their effectiveness and compact size render them ideal for climate control setups in different applications.
• Compressor Motor: This Compressor Motor is the driving force for the refrigeration process, circulating refrigerant. It is vital for correct climate control system setup and operation in buildings.
• Compressor Oil: Compressor Oil oils and seals mechanical parts inside a system's compressor, guaranteeing effective refrigerant pressurization for suitable climate regulation. It is important to select the correct type of oil during system installation to ensure longevity and optimal function of the refrigeration unit.
• Pressure Switch: The Pressure Switch tracks refrigerant amounts, guaranteeing the system works safely. It prevents damage by shutting down the cooling apparatus if pressure drops outside the ok spectrum.
• Compressor Relay: A Compressor Relay is an electrical device that controls the compressor motor in cooling systems. It guarantees the compressor begins and ceases properly, enabling effective temperature control within climate control systems.
• Suction Line: A Suction Line, a key component in cooling systems, moves refrigerant vapor from the evaporator back the compressor. Correct sizing and insulation of the line is critical for effective system performance during climate control setup.
• Discharge Line: This discharge line carries hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper dimensioning and installation of this discharge line are essential for optimal cooling system setup.
• Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling capability of a system for indoor climate control. Selecting the right size ensures effective temperature control during climate control setup.
• Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the quantity of heat that must to be removed from a area to keep a preferred temperature. Correct cooling load calculation is crucial for proper HVAC system setup and sizing.
• Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems operate perfectly after they are installed. It's crucial for keeping effective climate control systems installed.
• Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leaks reduce cooling effectiveness and can result in equipment malfunction. Addressing these leaks is vital for appropriate climate control system installation, guaranteeing optimal operation and longevity.
• Seer Rating: SEER score shows an HVAC system's refrigeration performance, impacting long-term energy expenses. Higher SEER values imply greater energy conservation when setting up climate control.
• Hspf Rating: HSPF Rating indicates the heating efficiency of heat pumps. Increased ratings suggest better energy effectiveness during climate control setup.
• Preventative Maintenance: Preventative Maintenance guarantees HVAC systems operate effectively and dependably after setup. Regular servicing minimizes breakdowns and increases the lifespan of climate control systems.
• Airflow: Airflow guarantees effective cooling and heating spread across a building. Suitable Airflow is essential for prime operation and comfort in climate control systems.
• Electrical Components: Electrical Components are critical for energizing and controlling systems that regulate indoor temperature. They ensure suitable performance, safety, and efficiency in heating and cooling setups.
• Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the procedure of introducing the right amount of refrigerant to a cooling system. This ensures best operation and efficiency when configuring climate control units.
• System Diagnosis: The System Diagnosis process detects potential issues before, during, and after HVAC system setup. It assures optimal performance and averts upcoming problems in HVAC installations.
• Hvac System: Hvac System control heat, moisture, and air quality in buildings. They are vital for setting up climate-control solutions in domestic and commercial spaces.
• Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless Air Conditioning provide targeted cooling and heating without extensive ductwork. They simplify climate control installation in rooms that lack existing duct systems.
• Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are standalone units placed in panes to cool single spaces. They offer a direct way for specific climate control inside a building.
• Portable Air Conditioner: Portable AC units offer a flexible cooling answer for spaces without central systems. They can also provide short-term climate control during HVAC system installations.
• System Inspection: System Inspection ensures suitable setup of cooling systems by verifying component condition and adherence to installation standards. This process ensures effective operation and avoids future malfunctions in climate control setups.
• Coil Cleaning: Cleaning coils ensures effective heat transfer, crucial for peak system performance. This maintenance procedure is essential for correct setup of climate control systems.
• Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is essential for recovering chilling ability in air conditioning units. It ensures maximum operation and lifespan of recently installed environmental regulation units.
• Capacitor: These devices provide the needed energy boost to begin and run motors within climate control systems. Their proper function guarantees effective and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
• Contactor: The Contactor serves as an electrical switch which controls power to the outdoor unit's components. It enables the cooling system to activate when necessary.
• Blower Motor: This Blower Motor circulates air through the ductwork, allowing for efficient heating and cooling distribution within a building. It's a key component for indoor climate control systems, assuring stable temperature and airflow.
• Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the performance of recently installed climate control systems. Technicians must address this issue to ensure effective and reliable cooling operation.
• Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting identifies and resolves issues that occur during climate control system setup. Sound fixing guarantees optimal system performance and prevents later issues during building cooling appliance fitting.
• Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reprocesses used refrigerants. This procedure is vital for eco-friendly climate control system installation.
• Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
• Montreal Protocol: This Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting substances used in cooling systems. This shift necessitates utilizing alternative refrigerants in new climate control setups.
• Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse gases trap warmth, affecting the energy efficiency and environmental footprint of climate control system setups. Choosing refrigerants with reduced global warming potential is vital for eco-friendly climate control execution.
• Cfc: CFCs were once vital refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. Their use has been discontinued due to their detrimental impact on the ozone layer.
• Hcfc: HCFCs were once typical refrigerants used in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. They facilitated the process of setting up climate control systems, but are now being phased out due to their ozone-depleting properties.
• Hfc: HFCs are commonly used refrigerants in cooling systems for buildings. Their correct handling is crucial during the establishment of these systems to minimize environmental impact.
• Refrigerant Oil: Cooling lubricant oils the pump in refrigeration units, assuring seamless performance and longevity. It's essential for the correct operation of climate control setups.
• Phase-Out: Phase-Out is related to the gradual elimination of specific refrigerants with elevated global warming capacity. This affects the choice and maintenance of climate control systems in buildings.
• Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's potential to heat the planet if discharged. Lower GWP refrigerants are progressively favored in climate-friendly HVAC system setups.
• Odp: ODP refrigerants hurt the ozone layer, impacting regulations for cooling system installation. Installers must use ozone-friendly alternatives during climate control equipment installation.
• Ashrae: Ashrae sets standards and recommendations for HVAC system setup. The standards ensure effective and safe climate control systems application in structures.
• Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems offer temperature and air condition regulation for indoor settings. They are essential for setting up cooling setups in buildings.
• Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lessen cooling system effectiveness and may damage the environment. Correct procedures during climate control unit installation are essential to avoid these leaks and ensure optimal performance.
• Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can greatly influence decisions about upgrading to a new climate control system. Unforeseen repair bills may encourage homeowners to invest in a complete home comfort setup for long-term savings.
• Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation involves setting up warming, ventilation, and cooling systems. It's critical for allowing efficient climate control within buildings.
• Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance guarantees efficient operation and extends system life. Appropriate upkeep is crucial for smooth climate control system setups.
• Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting pinpoints and fixes issues in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It ensures peak operation during climate control unit installation and running.
• Zoning Systems: Zoning Systems split a building into individual areas for personalized temperature regulation. This method optimizes well-being and energy savings during HVAC installation.
• Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are vital components for effective climate control systems. Their selection greatly impacts system efficiency and performance in environmental comfort applications.
• Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, dictating how effectively the system cools a room for a given energy input. Improving this efficiency directly impacts cooling system setup costs and long-term operational expenses.
• Compressor Overheating: Overheating Compressor can seriously damage the device's core, leading to system failure. Proper installation guarantees sufficient air flow and refrigerant amounts, avoiding this problem in climate control system placements.
• Compressor Failure: Compressor malfunction halts the refrigeration process, requiring expert service during climate control system installations. A faulty compressor compromises the entire system's performance and longevity when integrating it into a building.
• Overload Protector: An safeguards the compressor motor from overheating during climate control system installation. It stops harm by automatically disconnecting power when too much current or temperature is detected.
• Fan Motor: Fan Motor move air across evaporator and condenser coils, a critical process for effective climate control system setup. They aid heat transfer, ensuring optimal cooling and heating performance within the specified space.
• Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are crucial components that join the inside and outdoor units, circulating refrigerant to help cooling. Their proper installation is essential for streamlined and productive climate control system setup.
• Condensing Unit: The Condensing Unit is the outdoor component in a cooling system. It rejects heat from the refrigerant, enabling indoor temperature control.
• Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is critical for refrigeration systems to effectively remove excess heat from a conditioned space. Appropriate Heat Rejection ensures optimal performance and lifespan of climate control setups.
• System Efficiency: System Efficiency is essential for reducing energy consumption and operational expenses. Improving performance during climate control configuration guarantees long-term savings and environmental advantages.
• Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the reduction in fluid pressure as it flows through a system, impacting airflow in environmental control setups. Properly managing pressure decrease is vital for peak performance and efficiency in environmental comfort systems.
• Subcooling: Subcooling guarantees best system performance by chilling the refrigerant below its condensing temperature. This process avoids flash gas, increasing cooling power and efficiency throughout HVAC system installation.
• Superheat: Superheat ensures that just steam refrigerant enters the compressor, which prevents damage. It's crucial to determine superheat during HVAC system setup to optimize cooling capabilities and efficiency.
• Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the amount of refrigerant in a system, essential for peak cooling performance. Proper filling assures efficient heat transfer and avoids damage during climate control setup.
• Corrosion: Rust impairs metallic elements, likely causing leakage and system failures. Guarding against Corrosion is vital for keeping the effectiveness and lifespan of climate control setups.
• Fins: Blades increase the area of coils, enhancing heat transfer efficiency. This is crucial for best performance in environmental control system installations.
• Copper Tubing: Copper Tubing is vital for refrigerant transfer in HVAC systems due to its durability and efficient heat transfer. Its trustworthy connections guarantee proper system operation during installation of thermostat units.
• Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum Tubing is essential for transporting refrigerant in climate control systems. Its light and corrosion-resistant properties make it perfect for connecting internal and external units in HVAC installations.
• Repair Costs: Unforeseen repairs can significantly affect the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating & Air

4.9(1,687)

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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boldcityac.com

+1 904-379-1648

6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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4.9

1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

"They’ve been charging the service contract now the unit does not work."

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

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Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

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Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

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Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

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Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

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Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

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At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

Clear Upfront Pricing

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High-Level Workmanship

Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

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When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

Our Team Will:

• Keep Your Informed
• Target Your Goals

• Provide Honest Answers

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Heating

Duct Cleaning

Maintenance

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Number One For Heating & Cooling

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

See What Our Customers Are Saying About Us!

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Previous

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

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When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

Contact Your Bold City Specialist Today

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

References

[edit]

1. ^ "Air Con". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
2. ^ Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences. A. University Microfilms. 2005. p. 3600.
3. ^ 1993 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. ASHRAE. 1993. ISBN 978-0-910110-97-6.
4. ^ Enteria, Napoleon; Sawachi, Takao; Saito, Kiyoshi (January 31, 2023). Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems: Advances and Applications of VRF. Springer Nature. p. 46. ISBN 978-981-19-6833-4.
5. ^ Agencies, United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Dept of the Interior and Related (1988). Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1989: Testimony of public witnesses, energy programs, Institute of Museum Services, National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 629.
6. ^ "Earth Tubes: Providing the freshest possible air to your building". Earth Rangers Centre for Sustainable Technology Showcase. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
7. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Barreca, Alan; Clay, Karen; Deschenes, Olivier; Greenstone, Michael; Shapiro, Joseph S. (February 2016). "Adapting to Climate Change: The Remarkable Decline in the US Temperature-Mortality Relationship over the Twentieth Century". Journal of Political Economy. 124 (1): 105–159. doi:10.1086/684582.
8. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j} International Energy Agency (May 15, 2018). The Future of Cooling - Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
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